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Bernardino de Sahagún
Bernardino de Sahagún ((:bernarˈðino ðe saaˈɣun); 1499 – October 23, 1590) was a Franciscan friar, missionary priest and pioneering ethnographer who participated in the Catholic evangelization of colonial New Spain (now Mexico). Born in Sahagún, Spain, in 1499, he journeyed to New Spain in 1529. He learned Nahuatl and spent more than 50 years in the study of Aztec beliefs, culture and history. Though he was primarily devoted to his missionary task, his extraordinary work documenting indigenous worldview and culture has earned him the title as “the first anthropologist."〔Arthur J.O. Anderson, "Sahagún: Career and Character" in Bernardino de Sahagún, ''Florentine Codex: The General History of the Things of New Spain, Introductions and Indices'', Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble, translators. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1982, p. 40.〕〔M. León-Portilla, ''Bernardino de Sahagún: The First Anthropologist'' (University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2002), pp.〕 He also contributed to the description of the Aztec language Nahuatl. He translated the Psalms, the Gospels, and a catechism into Nahuatl.
Sahagún is perhaps best known as the compiler of the ''Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España'' (in English): ''General History of the Things of New Spain'' (hereinafter referred to as ''Historia General'').〔Bernardino de Sahagún, ''Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain'' (Translation of and Introduction to ''Historia General De Las Cosas De La Nueva España''; 12 Volumes in 13 Books ), trans. Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J. O Anderson (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1950-1982).〕 The most famous extant manuscript of the ''Historia General'' is the ''Florentine Codex''. It is a codex consisting of 2400 pages organized into twelve books, with approximately 2,500 illustrations drawn by native artists using both native and European techniques. The alphabetic text is bilingual in Spanish and Nahuatl on opposing folios, and the pictorials should be considered a third kind of text. It documents the culture, religious cosmology (worldview), ritual practices, society, economics, and history of the Aztec people, and in Book 12 gives an account of the conquest of Mexico from the Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco point of view. In the process of putting together the ''Historia general'', Sahagún pioneered new methods for gathering ethnographic information and validating its accuracy. The ''Historia general'' has been called "one of the most remarkable accounts of a non-Western culture ever composed,"〔H. B. Nicholson, "Fray Bernardino De Sahagún: A Spanish Missionary in New Spain, 1529-1590," in ''Representing Aztec Ritual: Performance, Text, and Image in the Work of Sahagún'', ed. Eloise Quiñones Keber (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2002).〕 and Sahagún has been called the father of American ethnography.
==Education in Spain==
Fray Bernardino was born Bernardino de Rivera (Ribera, Ribeira) 1499 in Sahagún, Spain. He attended the University of Salamanca, where he was exposed to the currents of Renaissance humanism. During this period, the university at Salamanca was strongly influenced by Erasmus, and was a center for Spanish Franciscan intellectual life. It was there that he joined the Order of Friars Minor or Franciscans.〔 He was probably ordained around 1527. Entering the order he followed the Franciscan custom of changing his family name for the name of his birth town, becoming Bernardino de Sahagún.
Spanish conquistadores led by Hernán Cortez conquered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (on the site of present day Mexico City) in 1521, and Franciscan missionaries followed shortly thereafter in 1524. Sahagún was not in this first group of twelve friars, which arrived in New Spain in 1524. An account, in both Spanish and Nahúatl, of the disputation that these Franciscan friars held in Tenochtitlan soon after their arrival was made by Sahagún in 1564, in order to provide a model for future missionaries.〔David A. Boruchoff, “Sahagún and the Theology of Missionary Work,” in ''Sahagún at 500: Essays on the Quincentenary of the Birth of Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, OFM'', ed. John Frederick Schwaller (Berkeley: Academy of American Franciscan History, 2003), pp. 59-102.〕 Thanks to his own academic and religious reputation, Sahagún was recruited in 1529 to join the missionary effort in New Spain.〔 He would spend the next 61 years there.
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